1. What is cleaning in food industry?
Cleaning is an essential preliminary operation in any food industry. Ultimate quality of the finished product, storage stability, and safety from health hazard, organic properties and consumer acceptance depend on cleaning process.
Cleaning method depend on the type of raw material type and extent of contamination, the degree of cleaning to be achieved and the type of finished products.
2. Classify the type of cleaning method with example.
Cleaning method can be classified into two types. (a) Dry cleaning method - Screening, abraison cleaning, aspiration, magnetic cleaning. (b) Wet cleaning method - Soaking, spray washing, floatation washing, ultrasonic washing, dewatering.
3. Define sorting.
Sorting may be regarded as a separation operation based on the differences in physical properties of the food raw material or product.
It is an important unit operation in controlling the effectiveness of many process in food industry.
Ex- Stored vegetables and fruits are suited for mechanized operation of peeling, pitting and coring or blanching.
4. Classify the methods of sorting?
Sorting materials may classified by the following form. Weigh sorting, Size sorting, and Shape sorting, Photometric or color sorting.
5. What are the characteristics of food raw materials?
The important characteristics of food raw materials include
- Geometric
- Physical properties
- Functional properties
- Mechanical
- Thermal
- Electrical properties
6. List the common contaminants found in food raw material
(a) Mineral contaminants - Soil, sand, stones etc.
(b) Plant parts - twigs, foliage, stalks, pits
(c) Animal parts and contaminants - hair, insects, egg and body parts.
(d) Microbial contaminants - microorganism and their metabolites.
7. How are fibrous food material disintegrated?
Many food raw materials have a fibrous structure as well as appreciate amounts of liquid size reduction of such material is achieved by impact and shear force but not compressive forces.
8. List a few machinery and equipment used in food industry?
- The equipment used in food industry are
- Centrifuge → clarification of juices
- Extraction column → to recover valuable liquid
- Crystallizer → freeze concentration of fruit juices
- Dryer → to remove the moisture
- Screens, magnetic separator, crusher → for cleaning purpose
9. List few types of equipment used in mixing food products?
- Paddle agitator
- Impeller mixture
- Pan mixers
- Kneaders
- Dispersers
- Tumbler mixers
10. Give any two unit operations predominantly used in food process industries?
Extraction: Extraction can also called liquid (or) solvent extraction involves the use of solvent to recover the valuable liquid constituent of such plant foods
Evaporation: Evaporation is practiced to concentrate the solution for crystallization process. It is also practiced in food industry for pre concentration of liquid prior to drum, spray drying (or) crystallization.
11. Outline the important mechanical separations used in food engineering operations?
Filters → used to separate the fruit juices from fruits Centrifuge → clarification of fruit juices Extraction column → to recover the valuable liquid
12. Write a note on canning of food?
A variety of foods are canned. These include whole fruits and vegetables, sliced (or) diced fruits and vegetables, meat and meat products, fish and fish products and soaps.
13. What is tenderization of meat?
Tenderness in meat depends on the extent of cross linkages between muscle fibres and collagen and decreases with increasing age of animal. Meat is tenderized by mechanical methods such as cutting, pounding, grinding (or) needling, use of ultrasonic vibrations to break the meat fibres or by enzymes.